НОУ
Немецкая гимназия Peterschule
Рекомендовано
Утверждаю
Руководитель
методсовета
С.М.
Марчукова
Директор НОУ Немецкая гимназия Peterschule
Протокол
№
Е.А. Юпатова
От
“__” ____
(Предметный элективный курс)
И.Н. Каштанова
Учитель английского языка
НОУ Немецкая гимназия PETERSCHULE
Санкт-Петербург
Ноябрь 2004 - август 2005г.
Пояснительная записка
Данный курс является
предметным и направлен на углубление и
расширение знаний и умений учащихся в области грамматики английского языка.
Продолжительность курса – 16 - 20 часов (2 часа в
неделю).
Место курса в образовательном процессе
Курс рассчитан на
учащихся старших классов, в достаточной степени владеющих английским языком и
усвоившим основной курс английской грамматики.
Курс представляет интерес для учащихся, избравших гуманитарный профиль
обучения. Курс позволит углубить знания и навыки, полученные в процессе
обучения как английскому, так и русскому языку, и имеет учебное название “В английском языке в отличие от
русского …”, что предполагает обращение к правилам русской грамматики.
Цели и задачи курса
Курс позволит подготовить учащихся к сдаче
письменных экзаменов по английскому языку,
грамотному написанию резюме и других видов письменных работ, что
является все более и более актуальным в
связи с повышение общих критериев оценки знаний
и умений учащихся в области английского языка.
Содержание курса
Курс представляет
собой свод правил английской пунктуации, каждый смысловой раздел которого
снабжен упражнением и заключительным тестом.
Методика
Методика проведения занятий характерна для изучения
грамматики как русского, так и английского языка – изучение теории, сравнение с
аналогами в русском и немецком языке и выполнение упражнений. В качестве самостоятельной творческой работы
курс предполагает работу учащихся над
неадаптированным текстом, выбор иллюстраций к изученным правилам,
самостоятельное составление тестов, обмен ими и их оценка.
Дидактический материал
Учебное пособие - I.N. Kashtanova “Some General Rules of Writing: Capitalization and
Punctuation”
I. N. Kashtanova
Some General Rules of Writing: Capitalization and Punctuation
От автора
Все в большей мере письмо
становится не средством, а целью обучения на старших этапах. Если правописанию и грамматике уделяется
достаточно большое внимание, то пунктуация вообще выпадает из поля зрения
учителя. Правила пунктуации не рассматриваются отдельно ни в одном из
используемых грамматических пособий. В
результате учащиеся вынуждены использовать известные им правила русской
пунктуации, которые не всегда совпадают с правилами английской пунктуации. Так например, ученик выделяет причастные и
деепричастные обороты, в чем чаще всего нет необходимости, ставит запятую в сложноподчиненных
предложениях, что в английском языке
необходимо лишь в том случае, если придаточное предложение предшествует
главному. Вместе с тем, не выделяет
запятыми рапространенные обстоятельства
времени в начале предложения. Постоянно
приходится оговаривать правила оформления прямой речи и цитат.
Даже при изучении языка в течение нескольких лет дети делают ошибки в
использовании заглавных букв в словах, обозначающих, например, названия
месяцев. Ошибки такого рода особенно
часты у детей, изучающих английский язык как второй иностранный после
немецкого, где все существительные пишутся с заглавной буквы.
Одним словом, каждый
практикующий учитель английского языка ощущает острую неоходимость в
специальном курсе английской пунктуации, равно как и в справочнике по данной
проблеме.
Предлагаемое
пособие представляет собой практический
курс английской пунктуации, состоящий из двух разделов – употребление заглавных
букв и использование знаков препинания в английском языке. Каждая группа правил снабжена упражнениями.
Данная книга может
использоваться и как справочник и как практическое пособие на всех этапах
обучения языку, а также может быть основой отдельного элективного курса для
учащихся 10 - 11 классов школ и гимназий с углубленным изучением английского
языка.
И.Н. Каштанова
Пояснительная записка
Данный курс является с одной стороны предметно
ориентированным, так как позволяет в значительной мере углубить знания и навыки
учащихся в области грамматики английского языка – впервые за долгие годы
обучения изучить систематически такой
раздел грамматики как пунктуация и
употребление заглавной буквы, с другой – акцент делается на отличие английской
системы пунктуации от русской, и, следовательно, курс является
межпредметным, отсюда название курса «В английском языке в отличие от русского …»
Задача курса – дать возможность учащимся реализовать
свой интерес к аспекту языка, которому не уделялось достаточного внимания и
небходимость изучения которого ощущают как ученики так и учителя в связи с тем, что письменная
речь, считавшаяся средством обучения, становится все в большей степени целью.
От современных молодых людей, заявляющих при поступлении на работу о своем
знании английского языка, требуется умение не только пройти устное
собеседование, но и написать резюме. Все
чаще осуществляются поездки за границу, где зачастую возникают ситуации, когда
необходимо сделать письменное заявление. Большинство молодых людей активно
пользуется Интернетом, вступает в переписку с иностранными корреспондентами, и
оценка их владения языком во многом зависит от их умения грамотно писать.
Цель курса – подготовить к выполнению письменных тестов
и экзаменов, в том числе FCE и TOEFL.
Продолжительность – не менее 16 часов.
Содержание – 1) углубление многих грамматических тем
(притяжательные существительные, причастие и причастные обороты, правописание
имен собственных, употребление числительных после существительных и др.)
2) расширение базовых знаний,
системное изучение раздела грамматики 'Пунктуация'.
Методы познания – практические занятия, самостоятельное
выполнение серии упражнений, самостоятельное составление Quiz,
заключительный тест.
Итоговая аттестация по совокупности выполненных работ.
Рекомендованная литература методическое пособие И. Н.
Каштанова ''Некоторые общие правила
письменной английской речи употребление заглавной буквы и правила пунктуации''.
Capitalization
· Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
· Capitalize the first word of a direct
quotation.
· Capitalize the first word of a complete line of poetry.
· Capitalize the first, the last and other important words in the title of any work of art.
· Do not capitalize prepositions and conjunctions that have fewer than five letters when they appear in the title.
· Capitalize the names of people.
· Sometimes , capitals occur within a surname:
O’Henry,
O’Nan, McGregor
· Capitalize the title preceding
a person’s name or a
title replacing a
person’s name, as in
direct address:
One
of the most active senators on the committee is Senator James.
Do
you expect, Governor, to run for another term?
· When the words president and vice president do not precede a person’s name, they may be
capitalized only when they refer to the highest officials of the government:
The
President is inaugurated in January.
Vice
President Ford later became President Ford.
Juan’s
goal is to be president of the company.
·
Capitalize
the abbreviation for a person’s name or title:
Capt.
Wm. Jordan will see you now, Prof. Clarke.
Harry
Brown, Sr., and Dr. Bertha Shapp own the building.
· Capitalize words that show family relationships when they precede a person’s name or when they replace the person’s name:
My
sister went to
I
wonder, Father, when you’ll be ready to leave.
· But:
I’m looking forward to meeting my long-lost cousin.
· Capitalize Miss, Mrs., Ms., and Mr.:
Miss
Ella Brown will head the special task force.
In
American history Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt is one of the most admired women.
· Capitalize the names of specific places and proper adjectives formed from the names of the specific places:
The
Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao are known as ‘
· Capitalize the names of compass directions only
if they refer to a specific region
or rare part of
address:
Don’t
visit the Southwest in August!
if
the museum is located at 75 East Huron, it is on the
· Capitalize the names of buildings,
institutions, monuments, business, and organizations:
The
American Medical Association has one office in the
In
1912 Juliette Law founded the Girl Scouts of
· Capitalize the names of nationalities, religions, races, and languages. Also capitalize the proper adjectives formed from these nouns:
Jennie
Lee has a French poodle and a Siamese cat.
Because
he lived in
· Capitalize the names of planets, stars, and other heavenly bodies:
Sailors
used the North Star – Polaris – to guide them.
Which
planet shines red in the sky – Mars or Venus?
·
Never
capitalize the words sun, moon, and earth when they follow the word the.
·
Capitalize
the names of months, days of the week, holidays, and
special events:
Isn’t
Earth Day in April?
· Capitalize the abbreviations A.D., B.C., A.M., and P.M.
Tomorrow’s
sunrise is at 5:14 A.M.
Who
won the
·
Capitalize the historical events and periods:
As
a result of the Spanish-American War, the
Wordsworth
was a Romantic poet.
· Capitalize the names of school subjects that are formed from proper nouns or
that name a specific course:
I
believe that Literature III focuses on the American short story.
· Capitalize most nouns followed by a number or letter:
Isn’t
Room 422 used on Tuesday afternoon?
· Capitalize the names of political parties, the name of government agencies, departments, and bureaus or
their abbreviations:
If
you want information on national parks, you should write to Department of the
Interior.
· Capitalize names of specific ships, trains, planes, and spacecraft:
Who
was the commander of the ship ‘
Agatha
Christie wrote a mystery about ‘Orient Express’, the luxurious European train
that travelled between
· Capitalize brand names of specific products:
· Capitalize the first word and each noun in the
salutation of a letter:
My
dear Dr. Kramer,
Dear
Mrs. Waller
· Capitalize the first word in the closing
of a letter:
Very
truly yours,
· Capitalize the pronoun I and the
interjection O:
I
don’t know where I put my eyeglasses.
Where,
oh where, should I go, O Father?
· Capitalize the first word of each topic of an outline:
I.
A. Stars of silent films
B. Stars of ‘talkies’
Exercise 1
Use capital letters where
necessary
1. My aunt lives in cape may, a town at the
southern tip of
2. When asked if she could name all fifty
state capitals, aunt kim missed two – augusta, main and
3. When he visited
4. Last summer jaimie’s aunt, who is a
professor at
5. The american museum of natural history is
across the street from
6. Which planet is larger – neptune or saturn?
7. A fine example of japanese carpentry is
the golden hall, a buddhist temple built in a.d. 679.
8. Don’t forget that the league of women
voters will sponsor a panel discussion on Tuesday night at 7:30 p.m. at the
city centre motor inn.
9. The chinese have been practicing
acupuncture since 3000 b.c.
10.
The
exhibition at
11.
French,
mexican, italian, and canadian diplomats met at the white house to discuss
trade agreements; the meetings, which ran from 9:00 p.m., were broadcast over
fm radio.
12.
Yes,
easter is always on a Sunday, but it is not always the same date; however,
usually in april or may.
13.
Jenny
wrote,’dear aunt lynn, i’m writing – with my new jackson broth.pen – to let you
know that i am coming on Thursday, july 28, and will stay until Saturday,
august 15. i have reserved room 803 at
the martin hotel, so i’ll see you then. Oh i can’t wait! fondest regards jenny.’
14.
“we
went to the opening of paulo’s show,’ Muhammad exclaimed. ‘it was
wonderful. my favourite painting was
entitled ‘reflections inside a golden eye.’”
15.
Didn’t
jack say that he had seen the empire strikes back four times? after seeing star wars, jack declared, “if
there are million sequels to this picture, i’ll see each of them at least four
or five times.’
Punctuation
Punctuation helps show the relationships
between groups of written words. The
period, for instance, clearly indicates where a sentence ends.
It causes readers to stop and read a particular group of words as one complete thought. Other marks of punctuation, such as the semicolon or colon, show there is a relationship between a word or a group of words and those that follow. A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.
Punctuation marks:
. full stop (Br. E), period (Am. E)
, comma
; semi-colon
: colon
? question mark
! exclamation mark (Br. E), exclamation point (Am. E)
( ) brackets, parentheses (Br. E frml; Am. E)
“ “ quotation marks
- dash - тире
- hyphen - дефис
o’clock apostrophe
' italics’ italics – курсив
'bold' bold type – жирный
шрифт
Usage of
punctuation marks
I. The period.
·
The period marks the end of a sentence or an
abbreviation.
·
A declarative sentence ends
in period.
·
A mildly imperative sentence
ends in period:
Call home on Sunday.
· A period follows many abbreviations:
Dr. – Doctor, M. D. – Doctor of Medicine, Mr. – mister, Jr. –junior, Sr. – senior, U.S. – United States, P.M. – post meridiem, A.M. – ante meridiem, Ave. – avenue, i. e. = that is, cf. = compare.
·
Some other abbreviations
are not followed by a period:
metric units (10 ml, 2kg), postal abbreviations for states in addresses (PA, NY), most government agencies (NASA, FBI), many large corporations (CBS, NBC, IBM), and some common abbreviations such as TV:
Dr. Carter and MRS. Clark
both worked for NASA.
Approximately
Did you watch last night’s
TV special on NBC?
II. The Question Mark.
· A question or interrogative sentence, ends with a question mark:
When is the party?
I can’t be there until 9:00.
Who wrote the book?
Is it someone we know?
· Note: When a question is part of a declarative
sentence,
it is an indirect question and ends with a period:
Why aren’t we going? [direct question]
I wondered why we weren’t going. [indirect question]
· A question mark is
placed inside quotation marks only if the quotation is a
question:
“Where is
· If the entire sentence is a question, the question mark is
placed outside the quotation marks:
Who wrote “The Black Cat”?
· When an interrogative pronoun or adverb such as who, what, where,
when, why, or how is used alone to ask a
question, it is followed by a question mark:
You made this yourself? How?
What? I
didn’t hear the last question.
III. The Exclamation Point.
· A
strong imperative sentence is followed by an
exclamation point:
Watch out!
Come quickly; we’re late!
· An exclamation point follows an exclamation:
How late!
What a great idea!
· A mildly imperative sentence can end with a period.
· Interjections showing a strong feeling are followed by an
exclamation mark:
Wow! did you see the size of the shark?
Hey! This is
one-way street!
· A polite request can be followed by a question mark, a period, or an exclamation point. The mark depends on the meaning and emotion you want to convey.
Exercise 1.
Write the
following sentences and use periods, question marks, and exclamation points as
necessary.
1. Ms Allen, Mr Janex, and
Dr Cottler are looking for artists for their new gallery Send inquiries to this
address:
Modern Space Gallery
2. Help
Where is Dr Lance’s phone number Oh how I hate this disorganized phone
book
3. H J Castillo asked why it was snowing when the
CBS 7:00 P M report had predicted fair weather “Who knows” replied MRS
Castillo. “How can anyone really predict
the weather”
4. “When did the SS France take its last voyage” Capt L Jacobs asked. “Wow I
would like to have piloted that ocean liner”
5. Sgt J J Newsome, US Army, barked orders to the
new recruits. “Attention About face
Forward march”
6. Did you see the writer
P D James interviewed on the PBS show Mystery at 10:00 P M last night
7. Were you stationed at
Ft Riley or at FT Dix, Pvt Singer Did
you, by any chance know Dr W W Barnes
What coincidence
8. Bravo Bravo
What an exciting performance
Don’t you think that the cast of Players Inc puts on a professional show
Prof Cours
9. How exciting that
you’ve won a trip to Europe Mrs Alonzo
When will you go If you need more
information, write to Walton Travel Ltd Ft Lauderdale
10.
Please call as soon as you arrive That road is so bumpy it could have been
built in 1950 B C instead of in A D 1950
IV.
The Comma
· The comma separates words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. Sometimes, the comma is used where a pause would occur in speech: at other times the comma is used as custom
dictates.
· Use comma to separate words or groups of words in a series:
Ilena sings, dances, and acts.
Walter designed the table, cut wood, and assembled
it.
· When items commonly go together, such as bread and butter, they can be paired as one item:
Jake added scallions, cheese, and salt and pepper to
the omelet.
· When the last two items
in a series are joined by coordinating conjunction (and or but), a comma precedes the conjunction. However, when all the items in a series
are joined by conjunctions, do not use commas.
We ate chicken, salad, and carrots.
We ate chicken and salad and carrots.
· Use comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun:
Six hundred talented, enthusiastic applicants
answered the ad.
The high-paying, interesting, rewarding job was
available.
· Note: Use comma if the word and
would make
sense in its place.
The refreshing, salty air blew from the sea. [An and makes sense between the adjectives.]
The creaky wooden canoe seemed unsafe. [No commas are
necessary between the adjectives.]
· use comma to separate independent clauses that are joined by the coordinating conjunction - and, yet, but, or,
The house is expensive, but it requires a lot
repairs.
Juan is a good tennis player, yet he rarely plays.
I love warm weather, so I applied for a job in
· use comma to separate
the subordinate clause from the main clause when the subordinate clause begins the sentence:
Because
If you don’t wear a seat belt in the car, you
increase your chances of being hurt in an accident.
Since Mark was originally from
· when the subordinate
clause comes at the end of the sentence, a comma is not usually necessary:
· do not use comma to set off an essential clause;
We saw a play that one every award on Broadway.
Every cabbage that we’ve ever bought from Tudbury’s Market has been wormy.
Exercise2
Write each of
the following sentences, using commas where necessary.
1.
During March April and May the weather became warmer the
rains ceased the buds appeared.
2.
Pablo eats neither fish
3.
My sentimental sensitive romantic sister has saved every
letter card and note that her husband has ever written to her.
4.
Helen Max and Juan chose green blue and biege fabric for the
couch.
5.
John looked under the bed behind the dresser and in the
closet for his favourite well-worn sneakers.
6.
Fire is constant hazard in
7.
8.
Every day Judy eats half a grapefruit before breakfast and
lunch and dinner for she believes the grapefruit are healthful.
9.
Tim and Jim and Kim live in the same apartment building but
they work on different schedules and rarely see each other.
10. Janet designed the
patterns bought the fabric and then sewed a skirt two shirts and a dress.
11. The narrow bumpy dirt
road winds into the woods up the hill and around the reservoir: it must lead
somewhere.
12. Because drought
continued for so long many cities began to ration water.
13. Tina bought anew car
because she couldn’t afford a new one.
· Use comma to separate introductory participial
phrases (that precedes the subject)
Disgusted by the long line at the ticket window, we
decided to skip the movie.
Shortly after ringing of the burglar alarm, the
police car pulled up to the store.
Running all the way, Janice reached the train station just in
time.
· Be sure that a word
ending in –ing is a participle (not a noun or gerund)
· Use comma to separate long introductory prepositional phrases from the rest of the sentence:
· Use a comma to separate introductory adverb clauses:
When the concert ended, thousands of people jammed
the exits.
Before she accepted the job, Mary Anne went on
several interview.
· Use a comma to separate long introductory prepositional phrases:
In a corner of the yard near the house, a beautiful
lilac bush bloomed annually.
Without the benefit of a letter of introduction, Ken
felt uncomfortable entering the personnel office of the large company.
· Use a comma with short introductory prepositional phrases only if comma is necessary to make the meaning clear:
During May the company closes on Fridays.
By the sea, shore birds wade lazily. [Comma needed for
clarity. Cf. By the sea shore/
birds wade lazily.]
· Use a comma with several introductory phrases linked together:
· Use comma to separate some short introductory elements from the rest of the sentence.
· Use comma after mild interjections and such words as yes, no, well, why, still, and now when you introduce a sentence or
an independent clause:
No, I’ve never seen a cobra.
Why, it’s pouring!
Bert lives in Chicago; still, he prefers living in
the country.
Well, look at that!
Oh, is this where you live?
Note: When these verbs are used as
adverbs, they should not be followed by commas.
Now, I’m sure you’ll enjoy studying in
She now studies in
· Use comma after a noun of direct address when it introduces a sentence or an independent
clause. When a noun of direct address
occurs at the end of a sentence or clause, comma precedes it:
Marika, please call your brother.
I can’t hear you, Rachel.
Governor, where is your office?
· Use comma after such
introductory expressions as however, accordingly,
thus, consequently, therefore, besides, in fact, on the other hand, and by the
way. When these appear at the end of
the sentence, they are preceded by a comma:
By the way, Ellen has finished writing her book;
however, she has not yet sold it to the publisher.
Therefore, please call before midnight.
I’m moving to
· In general, use a comma after any introductory expression that would be followed
by a pause if you were speaking.
· Use a comma to separate
contrasting words, phrases, and clauses introduced by the word not:
Carmine is a shade of red, not blue.
Jack starred in the stage production, not the movie
Exercise 3
Use commas
where necessary, circle the commas insert.
1. In fact Denise was born
in
2. Waiting for the train
to pass the cars blocked the street.
3. Oh I don’t know whether
I go or not.
4. Slipping from my hands
the book dropped to the floor and bounced down the stairs.
5. The artist sketching
with charcoal bent over her pad of paper in absolute concentration.
6. Grandmother said, ‘Well
I suppose we ought to get out and do the chores.’
7. Straining his tired
eyes the pilot could barely see through the very dense fog.
8. If you have any doubt
phone me.
9. Levi Strauss originally
went west to seek gold Mabel.
10.
Having travelled west with canvas to sell for tents and
wagons Strauss sold the fabric for pants instead; people needed sturdier pants
not sturdier tents.
11.
Called overalls or
12.
Strauss soon stopped using canvas however as a matter of
fact he began using denim.
13.
When the Civil War ended Levi shipped his pants to
14.
Well Strauss wanted all of his pants to be the same colour;
therefore he dyed the pants with indigo so they would all be blue.
15.
During the early days of
16.
Margo the original jeans had copper rivets on the back
pocket; however the rivets scratched saddles and furniture. Consequently the manufacturer eliminated the
pocket rivets.
17.
In the collection of the Smithsonian Institute in
18.
Well Levi Strauss would certainly be surprised to learn that
his dungarees had become popular fashion not just sturdy work pants!
Paired Commas
· Apposition = appositive (приложение) – (in grammar) an arrangement in which one
simple sentence contains two or more noun phrases that describe the same person
or thing and are used in the same way:
The defendant, woman of 35, denies kicking
the policeman.
· When the sentence is
interrupted with words of direct address, phrase, or clause, use paired commas to separate
the expression from the rest of the sentence:
I think, Anita, that your drawing is lovely.
Why, Doctor, is my neck stiff all the
time?
We stayed, nevertheless, until the game had ended
and our team won.
Fleming, not Pasteur, discovered penicillin.
Arthur Ashe, I think, has stopped playing tennis.
· Use paired commas to
enclose nonessential phrases (which can be omitted from the
sentence without changing its basic meaning).
Irene Warner, who lives across the street, is a
physicist.
We attended the debut performance of Ken’s youngest
sister, who is a singer.
· Note: Do not
separate essential phrases and clause with commas:
The woman who lives across the street just got a job
with the
The man standing there just won the
· Use paired commas to enclose nonessential appositives that interrupt the sentence:
I.M. Pei, the noted architect, has designed
Jo
· Note: A nonessential appositive at the beginning of the sentence is
followed by a comma. A nonessential appositive at the end of a sentence is preceded by a
comma:
An opera fan, Cara attends every performance she
can.
Martha studies at Reed College, a
small school in
· Use comma to separate parts of geographical names and dates:
Jerry was born on Thursday, March 14, 1980, at 5:55
P.M.
Meet me at
Otters live off the coast of
Exercise 4
1. The
2. I believe that
daffodils not roses are poisonous: I suggest however that you check with the
botanical gardens.
3. You know Mary that
Alfred Hitchcock not Anthony Perkins directed Psycho; Perkins on the other hand starred in the picture.
4. Fares on the
5. All the stores in
6. It is possible I
suppose to enjoy a toy poodle. I wish
however that those little poodles would bark not yelp when they get excited.
7.
8. Have you ever Bernardo
visited the Brook’s farm in the winter?
Julio claims that winter not summer is the most beautiful season there.
9. Last fall’s rains as a
matter of fact lasted for weeks; many homes as a result were flooded or washed
away.
10.
Silver not gold tarnishes (to tarnish - to make or become dull, discoloured or less bright); gold believe it or not keeps its
shine for many years.
· Note: In addresses do not
use a comma between
the street number and the street name,
· In dates a comma is unnecessary when only a month and a year are given in a date (September 4, 1888; September 1888)
· When these items are
joined by prepositions, commas are not necessary;
The museum is on
She was born in November of 1945.
· Use a comma to separate
a person’s name (or a company’s name) from the degree, title, or affiliation
that follows it:
We bought these lamps from Lightoleer, Inc., in
Connie Clark, M.D., is a pediatrician.
· Note: when used in a sentence, a degree or title is
followed by a comma:
Julio Perez, M.D., just became president of the
American Medical Association.
· Use a comma after the salutation and the closing of a friendly letter:
Dear Bert,
Sincerely yours,
Exercise 5
Use commas
where necessary.
1. That is a photograph of
Clara Barton who founded the American
Red Cross.
2. A talented singer and
dancer Rita Moreno is now part of the cast of The Electric Company which is a television show for
children.
3. Jack’s dog Ken is a
Saluki which is a nervous high-strung dog: however, Jack’s other dog Luch is
the sweetest mutt in the world.
4. The photographs that
depict the earthquake were taken in 1886.
The earthquake which occurred in South Caroline on August 31, 1886 was
strong enough to derail locomotives!
5. A hat that has a wide
brim offers good protection from the sun; on the other hand a beret brimless
cap won’t protect your face from the sun.
6. Margaret Corbin who
fought bravely during the American Revolution is buried at
7. Did you know that Duke
Ellington the composer and the band leader used to live on
8. Vermeil (позолоченное серебро,
бронза, медь) a mixture of gold and
silver is frequently used to make jewelry instead of gold which has become very
expensive.
9. In the Old West the
chuck wagon a kitchen on wheels was the most popular vehicle on the trails; and
the cook who often had to make much out of a little was treated with a great
deal of respect!
10.
In famous scene from North by Northwest a film by Hitchcock Cary Grant
who starred in the film is chased by a crop-duster which is small two-winged
propeller plane.
11.
The woman who owns Kellog Shoe shop just wrote a book which will be published next spring; the
book titled Profits is a well-written
guide about managing a business.
12.
The Whartons drove from
13.
New bus fares will go into effect at 12:00 P.M. Saturday May
15 1991.
14.
World
Airlines Inc. announced a sale on flights between
15.
If you are looking for a pet go to Best Pet Shop Ltd.
16.
Ann Miller M.D. consulted with Carl Rogers M.D. and Raina
Fillipo M.D. regarding the injured patient.
17.
On Thursday June 25 at 1:30 P.M. Colton Industries Inc. will announce the winner of their
Employee of the Year Award.
18.
Dear Aunt Helga
I would like to order two plants
from your catalogue of April 1981.
Please send them to my friend Jonah Jakes Jr. 140 Walker Road Tampa
Florida 31031.
Fondly
Kim
19.
According to their ad the Rivera Hotel at
20.
Janis signed her
complaint ‘Furiously yours’ and sent it to Lance Lucky Sr. Sturdy Furniture
Corp. 77 Park Avenue Jefferson
21.
The museum n the Parkway in
22.
Carolyn Mendez M.D. will lecture to medical students in
V. The Semicolon
· Use a semicolon to
separate independent clauses not joined by coordinating conjunction when the clauses are closely related:
Jose is an expert pianist; he has studied the piano
since he was seven.
Irene never eats fish: she is allergic
to it.
· Use a semicolon between
independent clauses when the second clause begins with a transitional
expression such as still, moreover,
furthermore, otherwise, therefore, however, besides, in fact, and for example:
The movie has already begun; besides, I’m too tired
to go.
Last night’s storm knocked down power lines; as a
result, we had no electricity this morning.
· Use a semicolon to
separate items in a series when one or more of the items contain commas:
An Egyptian-Israeli peace settlement was negotiated
by Jimmy Carter, President of the U.S.; Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of
Israel; and Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt.
· Use semicolon between
the independent clauses when commas appear within the clauses:
Barbara Ling, who has relatives in Shanghai, will
visit China next month; in addition to Shanghai, she’ll travel to Peking and
Exercise 7
Place
semicolons where they are needed
1. Bart, a well-known
animal handler, trains large animals for television, he is currently training a
bear for an insurance company’s commercial.
2. This book is filled
with photographic firsts it includes the first photos ever taken of a dog begging,
of the moon, and of the snowflake!
3. Ramon has just
published a best-selling book as a result, he constantly appears as a guest on
TV talk shows.
4. Cats, they say, have
nine lives my cat, I am sure, has already used seven of them.
5. Use comma between independent
clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction however, use a semicolon if the
clauses contain commas.
6. Elizabeth Blackwell,
the first woman doctor in the
7. Early photographers in
the American West used portable darkrooms (a dark room in which a photograph can be processed) in horse-drawn wagons
there is , in fact, a famous photograph, taken in 1868, of a wagon darkroom
travelling across the Nevada desert.
8. Everyone in the room
had seen the UFO no one, however, had taken a picture!
9. Native Americans often
made their canoes from the bark of large birch trees they sewed the pieces of
bark together with white spruce roots.
V.
The
· Use a colon to separate
a list of items from an introductory statement, which often contains the words as
follows, the following, these, or a number:
Monique speaks four languages: English, French,
Spanish, and Dutch.
Deciduous trees that fill Jake’s yard are as
follows: elm,
maple, oak, and chestnut.
· Use a colon to separate an introductory statement from an explanation,
appositive,
or quotation:
The crowd rose and yelled its cheer: ‘Bravo!’
Martha’s
· Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter:
Dear Jane Coe:
Dear Dr. Hart:
· Use a colon to separate hour and minutes in expressions of time:
11:30 A.M.
4:00 this afternoon
Exercise 8
Place colons
where necessary
1. Buses depart for
2. For her birthday
Maureen received tickets to three Broadway shows Barnum,
3. Which of these states
has the largest population
4. Before it was ravaged by civil war,
5. Having heard the
concert, Julio had one response wonderful.
6. The movie plays at
several times 3 00, 5 00. 7 00, and 9 00.
7. This sums up Jack’s
baby’s vocabulary pa, ma, and hi.
8. Having travelled around
the country, novelist Emmett Grogan said this of the
VI. The Dash
The dash – calls attention to the words or group of words that precedes it.
· Use a dash to separate an introductory series or thought from the explanation:
Lilacs and roses – those are my favourite flowers.
· Use a dash to separate a sudden change of thought:
Dinner is
ready – oh, I left my hat in the office.
June’s birthday party is on Friday at – oops, I’ve
lost the invitation.
· Use a dash to show the
omission of words in dialogue:
‘It’s thunderi -,’ Jack shouted.
· Use paired dashes to enclose the word or group of
words separated by a dash within a sentence:
Betty’s dog – it’s an Australian sheepdog – won the
first prize!
Exercise 9
Place dashes
where necessary.
1.
2.
Terrified that’s how I felt before the match.
3.
Max was charged with littering throwing papers on the street
and fined fifty dollars.
4.
The
5.
Pat, I can’t hear the baby is crying a word you’re saying.
6.
Georgia Coles I think that’s her name just opened a boutique
on
7.
Proud and tired mostly tired I think was how I felt after
having finished in the marathon last weekend.
8.
Those enormous dogs they are either Great Danes or mastiffs,
I believe live across the street.
VII. Parentheses (brackets)
Parentheses, like commas and dashes, are used to enclose elements that interrupt a sentence.
Parentheses indicate a strong break in thought. Elements in parentheses, in fact, are really
additional information.
Esthelle’s mother (born in 1910) tells wonderful
tales.
Dr. Michaels (our dentist) lives in
W.C.Handy (the W.C. stands for William Christopher)
is known as ‘The Father of the Blues.’
VIII. The Hyphen
The hyphen is used to link the parts of some compound words. It is also links the parts of a word begun in one line and finished on the next.
· Place the hyphen only between syllables.
· If a word already
contains a hyphen (self-control), divide it only at the hyphen.
· Use the hyphen to link the parts of compound nouns that begin with the prefixes ex-,self-, great-:
ex-wife, all-star
· Use a hyphen to link prefixes
with proper names and adjectives:
pre-Columbian, anti-American
· Use a hyphen to link
the parts of compound nouns that include
a prepositional phrase:
father-in-law, jack-in-the-box
· Use a hyphen to link
the parts of a compound adjective when it precedes a noun:
muscle-building routine, high-paying job, well-known
author
· Use a hyphen to link
the parts of fraction used as an adjective:
one-half acre, two-thirds majority
· Use a hyphen to link
the parts of a compound numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine:
sixty-three cents,
forty-seven days
IX. The Apostrophe
The apostrophe is used to show the omission of letters or numbers, to form the plurals of letters and numbers, and to form possessive nouns.
· Use the apostrophe to show that letters have been omitted:
cannot = can’t;
do not = don’t; are not = aren’t;
they are =
they’re
· Add the apostrophe and ‘s’ to make a singular noun possessive or to make possessive most plural nouns not ending in ‘s’:
John’s house; children’s laughter
· If a plural noun ends
in ‘s’, show the possession by adding only an
apostrophe:
chickens’ feed; the candidates’ speeches
· To show possession in hyphenated words and in words showing joint
possessions,
add an apostrophe and ‘s’ only to the last word:
brother-in-law’s company; Debora and Bob’s apartment
· Note: When two or more people each possess something separately, make each of the name possessive:
men’s and women’s shoes;
· If the second word is a possessive pronoun, then the first is also possessive:
Kendra’s and my idea
· When words of time, date, and money are used as possessives, they require an apostrophe:
ten-minutes’ worth work
Exercise 11
Use hyphens
and apostrophes where necessary.
1. I ve eaten so much deep
fried chicken I feel like a two to truck.
2. My daughter in law s
house has a twenty one foot wall of windows in its living room.
3. Barb and Julio s
collection of twenty tree post Impressionist paintings hang in a well lit and
carefully guarded room.
4. I m sure that Hector s
twenty tree year old cat couldn t possibly scale that forty foot wall, aren t
you?
5. His son in law s
restaurant was terrible: its five course dinner consisted of sour tasting soup,
day old bread, over cooked meat and half cooked potatoes, dressing soaked
salad, his great grandmother s stale cookies, and foul smelling cheese!
6. When she was in her
twentie s, my friend s name was spelled Judee (with two e s);
in her thirtie s it was Judee; and by the ’80 s she
d settled on the mature sounding Judith.
7. Carrie s mother in law
gave her a mother of pearl necklace from the ’30 s, an old book, and her ex
husband s gold filled watch.
I. Quotation Marks
Quotation marks enclose a word or group of words and separate them from the rest of the sentence.
· Use quotation marks to enclose a speaker’s exact words:
Raoul reminded her, ‘Don’t forget your tickets.’
“When I earn my first million,’ Janet dreamed,
‘that’s when I’ll travel around the world.’
· Use quotation marks to
enclose the titles of short stories, essays, poems,
songs, television programs, magazine articles, and parts of a book:
“Causes of the Russian Revolution’ was a complicated
chapter in the Russian history book.
· Use quotation marks to
enclose nicknames:
‘Lizard’
· Don’t forget to use
proper punctuation marks inside the quotation.
· Remember: two end marks
should never appear together:
“When does the shop open?” we wondered.
Exercise 12
Use quotation marks in the following
sentences
1. Please call Jackie said
if you’ll late.
2. Our spirit fell when we
read the sign Closed for winter.
3. What an amazing
discovery June exclaimed Would you ever have suspected that a clam was capable
of that?
4. How can I pretend that
I know how to ski Don asked when I’ve never ever seen snow?
5. Paulo Lucky Santos and
Paul Mr. Money have opened a disco called Winners; they are sure it will be
successful.
6. Who asked Pete was
nicknamed The Phantom?
7. Juan wrote three episodes for the television series: Caught in the Middle, Out on a Limb, and Long Walk on a Short Pie
Glossary of Terms
Clause – a group of words that contains
a subject and a predicate and functions as a part of sentence
Main (independent) clause - a clause that can stand alone in the sentence
Subordinate clause –a clause that cannot
stand on its own as a sentence:
We saw the barns (main clause) that tornado damaged.(subordinate clause)
Simple sentence – contains one independent clause
and no subordinate clauses:
I bought myself a new
record album.
Compound
sentence –
is made up of two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses:
I had to study, but
people kept interrupting me.
Complex sentence – is composed of one independent
clause and one or more subordinate clauses:
Since I can’t concentrate /while
the television set is on,/ I turn it off/ when I study.
Adjective clause – a subordinate clause that
modifies a noun or pronoun:
We visited Red Cloud,
Air pollution is a problem that
affects us all.
Adverb clause – modifies a verb, an adjective,
or an adverb:
We always fish a lot when we go
camping.
You will fail unless
you study.
As soon as we left,
the rain began.
Phrase – a group of words without
subject and its verb that functions a single part of speech:
Prepositional phrase – is made up of
preposition, its object, and any modifiers the object may have:
Our mail arrived late in
the afternoon.
Participial phrase – consists of a
participle and its modifiers and complements:
Buddhism, originating first in
The vase fell on the floor, shattering
into many fragments.
Having studied English at a
private school in Hong Kong, the exchange student surprised us with an
excellent grasp of grammar.
Note:
participle is a form of the verb that is used as an adjective:
The
river, rising rapidly, threatened to overflow.
A participial phrase always functions as an adjective. A gerund phrase always functions as a noun.
Appositive phrase
An appositive – is a noun or pronoun that identifies or explains a nearby noun or pronoun:
Irish folklore tells of the
pookah, a supernatural
animal.
Edward, Henry’s only son,
took the thrown at the age of nine.
Declarative sentence – a sentence that
states a fact.
Interrogative sentence – a sentence that asks
a question.
Imperative sentence – a sentence that
gives a command or makes a request.
Exclamatory sentence – the words that
express sudden strong feeling:
‘Good Heavens!’
Quotation – a sentence or phrase taken from
a work of literature or other place of writing and repeated esp. in order to prove
a point or support an argument.
Quotation mark , inverted commas – either of a pair of
marks (“ “) or (‘ ‘) showing the beginning and the end of words
quoted
Direct speech – the style used in writing to
report someone’s actual words. This is
done by repeating the words without any changes in grammar
Reported speech, indirect speech – the style used in writing to report what someone said
without repeating their actual words.
Bibliography
W. Ross Winterowd, Patricia Y.
Murray English. Writing and Skills. Coronado Completed course, Coronado Publishers.
R. A. Close A Reference Grammar for Students of
English.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Русский язык, Москва, 1992
Raymond Murphy English Grammar in Use.
Virginia Evans Round Up 5. English Grammar Practice. Pearson Education
Limited, 1994